## Q Drum, to carry the water from the well to the house: http://other.cooperhewitt.org/Design/q-drum
- Designer: P. J. and J. P. S. Hendrikse
- Manufacturer: Kaymac Rotomoulders and Pioneer Plastics
- South Africa, 1993
- Linear Low Density Polyethelene (LLDPE)
- Dimensions: 14” h x 19.5” diameter
In use in: Kenya, Namibia, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Tanzania, Cote d’Ivoire, Nigeria, Ghana, South Africa, Angola
Millions around the world, especially in rural Africa, live kilometers from a reliable source of clean water, leaving them vulnerable to cholera, dysentery, and other water-borne diseases. Water in adequate quantities is too heavy to carry. The Q Drum is a durable container designed to roll easily, and can transport seventy-five liters of clean and potable water. Rolling the water in a cylindrical container, rather than lifting and carrying it, eases the burden of bringing water to those who need it.
(to link the article above use: #DRUM)
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## Solar Powered Water Pumping Systems for Remote Applications, by Aqua Sun International.
Submersible Deep Well System:
Solar powered water pumping systems can pump water from wells as deep as 200 meters (600 feet) at a volume rate of 11000 liters (3000 gallons) per day with daily water production volumes upwards in different applications of 55,000 liters (15,000 gallons) per day or more.
The DC submersible water pumps come in systems that can be solar direct drive as shown below or battery driven for the ultimate in water volume control.
 
Notes:
- Aqua Sun products do not process salt, saline, or sea water.
- Aqua Sun International is a member of the AMERICAN SOLAR ENERGY SOCIETY (ASES).
- The Ultraviolet light/water purification components carry a certificate of analysis, and the manufacture is a member of the Water Quality Association.
- When using the Solar Panel for power, water purification production is based solely on the daily amount of solar exposure.
- Aqua Sun International reserves the right to redesign or modify its product line without incurring further liability.
- Specifications are subject to change without notice.
- Custom Systems Engineered and Designed upon request.
- Photo shown may not be the actual model listed, but is used to indicate size and design characteristics.
(to link the article above use: #SOLWP)
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## Treadle / Rotative Pumps, Irrigation Technologies, by EWB-ISF Canada (Engeeners Without Borders) http://www.ewb.ca/en/whatwedo/overseas/projects/index.html
# The Treadle Pump: The treadle pump, resembling a stairmaster attached to two hoses, is powered by someone stepping up and down on two treadles, which draws water from rivers and wells through one hose, pressurizing it, then delivering it out the second hose onto fields at a rate of one liter per second. By using the treadle pump, farmers are able to increase their yields, particularly in the dry season, by delivering water to fields of up to 1 hectare.
  
  
Extracted from Irrigation Technologies in Ghana, http://www.ewb.ca/en/whatwedo/overseas/projects/irrigationghana.html
Northern Ghana, like much of West Africa, is struck annually by an eight-month dry season during which little to no rain falls. Farmers must ensure a sufficient harvest during the rainy season to meet their family's needs for the entire year. As a result, food security is extremely vulnerable to irregular rain, pests and diseases.
Large-scale irrigation is expensive to build and maintain, and for the majority of small-scale farmers living on less the $1 a day, it is beyond their reach. To reduce the vulnerability of the more than 15,000 Ghanaian farmers to these external factors, Robin Farnworth is working with the national Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA) to help promote agricultural technologies, namely the treadle pump. Using this technology, farmers are able to reduce their vulnerability to drought and reliably grow more than enough food to feed their family.
EWB's Role: Since August 2005, Robin has been working with MoFA's District Offices to increase their capacity to work with local farmer groups. She is assisting these offices by training staff in Information and Communication Technology, demonstrating new crop processing technologies to farmers and agricultural extension officers, and aiding in the implementation of Farmer Field Schools throughout the region. In addition, Robin visits and surveys farms and MoFA's demonstration plots to monitor and report the results of their various initiatives.
Through these tasks, Robin is increasing the capacity of MoFA's staff to help Ghana's large number of small-scale farmers gain access to improved agricultural technologies. Because of MoFA's large presence throughout the northern region, by training the Agricultural Extension Officers from each District Office, MoFA will be able to more effectively promote and sell treadle pumps, facilitating their dispersal throughout the region. The treadle pump, along with the coinciding micro-irrigation education, fits well with the services already provided by the Ministry's Agricultural Extension Officers.
In working with MoFA, Robin believes this scheme will be sustainable and will dramatically increase access to the treadle pump, and correspondingly, the region's food supply.
(to link the article above use: #TREAD)
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## Bamboo Treadle Pump http://other.cooperhewitt.org/Design/bamboo-treadle-pump
- Designer: Gunnar Barnes of Rangpur/Dinajpur Rural Service and International Development Enterprises (IDE) Nepal
- Manufacturer: Numerous small and medium-sized local workshops
- Nepal and Bangladesh, 2006
- Metal, plastic, bamboo
- Dimensions: 5’h x 2.5’w x 7’d
- In use in: Bangladesh, Nepal, India, Myanmar, Cambodia, Zambia
The Bamboo Treadle Pump allows poor farmers to access groundwater during the dry season. The treadles and support structure are made of bamboo or other inexpensive, locally available materials. The pump, which consists of two metal cylinders with pistons that are operated by a natural walking motion on two treadles, can be manufactured locally by metalworking shops.
Over 1.7 million have been sold in Bangladesh and elsewhere, generating $1.4 billion in net farmer income in Bangladesh alone.
(to link the article above use: #OCOOP)
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## MoneyMaker Hip Pump http://other.cooperhewitt.org/Design/moneymaker-hip-pump
- Designers: Martin Fisher, Alan Spybey, Mohamed Swaleh, and Frederick Obudho
- Manufacturer: KickStart International
- Kenya and China, 2005
- Mild steel, PVC, HDPE (high density polyethylene)
-Dimensions: 32”h x 14”w x 27”d
In use in: Kenya, Tanzania, and Mali
The MoneyMaker Hip Pump, launched in 2006, is a lightweight, easy-to-use pressure pump that can irrigate three-quarter acre over an eight-hour period, pulling water from a depth of six meters and lifting it to a height of thirteen meters above the water source. In the first ten months, more than 1,400 units have been bought by fledgling family farming businesses. On average, users of the Hip Pump have increased their net farm income by over $125, tripling their initial investment of $34 after three or four months. According to KickStart, micro-irrigation products such as the Hip Pump are among the quickest and most cost-effective ways to help people out of poverty.
## Super MoneyMaker Pump http://other.cooperhewitt.org/Design/super-moneymaker-pump
- Designers: Robert Hyde, Martin Fisher, Mark Butcher, and Adblikadir Musa
- Manufacturer: KickStart International
- Kenya, Tanzania, and China, 1998
- Mild steel, PVC, rubber
- Dimensions: 48”h x 14”w x 32”d
In use in: Kenya, Tanzania , Mali, Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, South Africa, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Gambia, Somalia, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Yemen, Congo, Angola, Madagascar, Haiti, and Philippines.
The Super MoneyMaker Pump is a manual treadle pump that will direct water to where it is needed, pulling water from a depth of seven meters and lifting it up fourteen meters above the water source. No fuel or electricity is required to operate the pump. The pump can irrigate a two-acre area over an eight-hour period. Over 50,000 Super MoneyMaker Pumps have been shipped to customers all over the world, and, based on KickStart’s impact-monitoring studies, there are an estimated 35,000 households starting profitable small farm businesses using pumps to irrigate their fruits and vegetables during the dry season. By greatly increasing the yield, growing higher-value crops, and growing year round, these families have increased their net farm income from $110 to $1,100 per year —lifting themselves out of poverty.
(to link the article above use: #HIP)
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## All about Pumps, Details of different Pump Categories http://www.acerpump.com/all_about_pumps.htm
- Discflo Pump (Tesla Turbine inspired Pump): The Discflo (tm) pump is manufactured by Discflo Corporation. It uses LAMINAR FLOW to achieve a low-maintenance pump which is virtually impervious to clogging, making it ideal for many wastewater industry applications.
Laminar Flow is a smooth, gentle flow, without abrupt changes in direction or pressure. By utilizing this flow, the pump surfaces ("rotary discs") are not damaged as much as with other pumps, because the liquid nearest them is flowing at nearly the same speed as the "rotary disc" surface itself.
The unique shape of this pump enables it to use laminar flow -- the pump is made of flat disks, or disks with small ridges on them. These disks produce a non-pulsating, smooth flow which reduces wear.
- Gear Pump: This is a type of Rotary Force Pump. Gear pumps are extremely simple and reliable. Depending on the number of teeth, the "idler" gear might be driven directly by the "drive" gear. Generally with six or more teeth this is possible. In other cases an extra gear external to the pump drives the secondary gear at the same rate.
The teeth on Gear Pumps can be spur (straight), helical (slanted), herringbone, etc. There can be two, or more teeth on each gear -- twenty is not uncommon. The diameter of the gears and their thickness varies widely. The many variations have different effects on the efficiency, strength, smoothness and other areas of operation.
This pump will pump in the reverse direction if you reverse the direction of rotation of the gears. Two pairs of valves can be added to make this a Reversing Gear Pump, which pumps in the same direction regardless of which direction the gears rotate.
- Impeller Mechanism: Probably this is the most versatile pump of all. Impeller mechanisms are the basis of thousands of types of pumps. The number of blades can vary from 1 to 10 or more. They operate over a wide speed range -- from less than 30 to more than 3000 RPM.
Impeller pumps are excellent for moving impure liquids since they do not clog very easily. For very impure liquids such as sludge, a single blade is sometimes used. Impeller pumps range in diameter from less than a quarter inch to 10 feet or more. Sometimes they have diffusers to increase efficiency. Sometimes the output of one impeller is fed directly into another impeller to increase the head. As many as six or ten might be linked together, or connected in two facing sets to double the output and even the pressures on the shaft and pump casing.
- Jet Pump: A Jet Pump is a type of impeller-diffuser pump that is used to draw water from wells into residences. It can be used for both shallow (25 feet or less) and deep wells (up to about 200 feet.) Above the surface would be a standard impeller-diffuser type pump. The output of the diffuser is split, and half to three-fourths of the water is sent back down the well through the Pressure Pipe.
At the end of the pressure pipe the water is accelerated through a cone-shaped nozzle at the end of the pressure pipe. Then the water goes through a Venturi in the Suction Pipe. The Venturi has two parts: the Venturi Throat, which is the pinched section of the suction tube; and above that is the Venturi itself which is the part where the tube widens and connects to the suction pipe. The Venturi speeds up the water causing a pressure drop which sucks in more water through the intake at the very base of the unit. The water goes up the Suction Pipe and through the impeller -- most of it for another trip around to the Venturi.
- Peristaltic Pump: One of the main advantages of the Peristaltic Pump is cleanliness. It also utilizes another advantage: Fragile blood cells are not damaged by this pump. The flexible tube is connected on the inlet side to the patient's artery, and on the outlet side to the patient's vein.
In this example three rollers on rotating arms pinch the tube against an arc and move the fluid along. There are usually three or four sets of rollers. Peristaltic pumps have a variety of medical applications. They can be used to add nutrients to blood, to force blood through filters to clean it, or to move blood through the body and lungs during open heart surgery.
- Piston Pump: The basic Piston Pump is very simple having just two valves and one stuffing box. The reciprocating piston is driven back and forth by a rotating mechanism.
This piston pump uses suction to raise water into the chamber. The lower valve can be placed below water level. The piston must be within about 25 feet of the water level, but the water can then be raised quite high.
- Progressive Cavity Pump: Progressive (or Progressing) Cavity pumps, is a type of Single Screw pump, are used for highly viscous liquids such as peanut butter or glue, and also for liquids with significant amounts of solids such as cement or sand slurry.
Fluid proceeds from the entrance, at the top on the right side, to the left. The rotor revolves inside the stator. The stator is a twisted cavity with an oval-shaped cross-section. It is usually made of natural or synthetic rubber, steel, or plastic. The rotor is usually steel. For a given diameter and shape of the rotor, doubling the number of stages (the length) will double the output pressure. The area of the cross-section of the rotor determines the backpressure the pump must withstand.
- Radial Piston Pumps can produce a very smooth flow under extreme pressure. Generally they are variable-displacement pumps. In variable models, flow rate changes when the shaft holding the rotating pistons is moved with relation to the casing (in different models either the shaft or the casing moves.) Output can also be varied by changing the rotation speed. If the casing is moved to the left, the flow rate would decrease to zero. If it is moved even further to the left the flow would reverse. Input is through the two black holes near the center below the "Pintle" . Output is through the top two black holes, above the Pintle. Higher pressure areas are indicated with a lighter blue fluid color. The pistons are usually forced out by springs. They are forced back in, expelling liquid, by the casing. An odd number of pistons is always used to smooth the hydraulic balance. These pumps revolve at speeds up to about 1200 RPM.
- Screw Pump: The screw pump is a positive displacement pump which comes with two or three screws. (A single screw version is called a "progressing cavity" pump.)
The Quimby Screw Pump is a type of screw pump. The pump forms hollow cavities which contain the fluid and move it along the screws. One screw is the drive screw and the other screw or screws is/are driven by the drive screw.
- Simplex Pump: The Simplex, or Single-Cylinder Double Acting Pump was invented in 1840 by Henry R. Worthington.
A Simplex Pump is a reciprocating pump. This pump has a single liquid cylinder which forces liquid out through the top outlet on both the in and the out stroke (here up and down.) This basic type of pump might be used for Air Pumps, Feed Pumps for the furnace, Fire, Bilge, and Fuel Oil Service. All might rely on this fundamental pump.
- The DUPLEX PUMP is similar to the Simplex pump, having two pistons instead of one, providing smoother operation. From the outside, a simplex pump can take many forms but the basic concept
- Swash Plate Piston Pump: Swash plate pumps have a rotating cylinder containing pistons. A spring pushes the pistons against a stationary swash plate, which sits at an angle to the cylinder. The pistons suck in fluid during half a revolution and push fluid out during the other half. On edge of the Piston Pump, the far right is a dark stationary disk. It contains two semi-circular ports. These ports allow the pistons to draw in fluid as they move toward the swash plate (on the backside) and discharge it as they move away. For a given speed swash plate pumps can be of fixed displacement like this one, or variable by having a variable swash plate angle. The greater the slant the further the pistons move and the more fluid they transfer.
- Turbine Pump : Turbine pumps typically have a high head and high discharge pressure for their size and speed. It is not uncommon for turbine pumps to produce heads over 1000 feet, at relatively low RPM compared with other pumps. This high head from a single rotating impeller is caused by the unique operation of the pump.
As fluid goes from intake to discharge (in just under one revolution) it circulates around and around. Each time it passes the turbine blades it gains additional pressure. For relatively low flow rates this pump is often more efficient than a comparably-sized centrifugal pump. This pump is commonly used for clean fluids of low viscosity because of the close tolerances needed between the blades of the turbine and the casing.
-Vacuum Pumps: A vacuum pump removes air from a container to create a vacuum. Force pumps of many types are used for vacuum pumps including Rotary pumps and Piston pumps. This vacuum pump is a piston pump. With each cycle it removes a smaller number of air molecules until it just keeps up with what is leaking in past the joints and valve seats. The amount of vacuum at that point depends on the quality of the components -- how fast the valves close, how tight the seals are, etc.
- Vane Pump: A very common type of pump, this is one of many variations. Power steering units often rely on a vane pump to obtain the pressure needed for the Power Cylinder. Automatic transmissions often use them too. The vanes are in slots in the rotor. When the rotor spins, centrifugal force pushes the vanes out to touch the casing, where they trap and propel fluid. Sometimes springs also push the vanes outward.
When the vanes reach the return side they are pushed back into the rotor by the casing. Fluid escapes through a channel or groove cut into the casing, shown here on the lower right side in black. On a vane pump there is considerable unbalanced force on the drive shaft, since the high-pressure, outlet area is all on one side. Vane pumps can be designed in balanced configurations where there are two inlet and two outlet ports, similar to balanced gear pumps.
- Volute Pump: A volute is a curved funnel increasing in area to the discharge port. It is often used with impeller pumps. As the area of the cross-section increases, the volute reduces the speed of the liquid and increases the pressure of the liquid. One of the main purposes of a volute casing is to help balance the hydraulic pressure on the shaft of the pump. However, this occurs best at the manufacturer's recommended capacity. Running volute-style pumps at a lower capacity than the manufacturer recommends can put lateral stress on the shaft of the pump, increasing wear-and-tear on the seals and bearings, and on the shaft itself.
This cutaway of a 'high-end' magnetic drive pump shows the volute wrapping around the impeller at the top and bottom. The ring to the left of the upper part of the volute is for lifting the pump and is located at the balance point.
- Wobble Plate Piston Pump: This pump has pistons in a stationary block, and a rotating wobble plate. There might be 4, 5, or more pistons (usually an odd number are used). Each piston has a valve within it and another valve behind it. Fluid comes in on the wobble plate side and exits under pressure in the back .
The pistons are pushed against the wobble plate with large springs. A pair of smaller springs force the valves (small metal balls) closed. The spring inside the piston is fairly weak, since only suction is used to force it open. This type of pump can develop incredible pressure -- 10,000 P.S.I. or more. It is commonly used for low-volume applications. Hand-operated wobble pumps were used as emergency fuel pumps on some early aircraft. Compare this pump, also known as a "wabble" plate pump, to the radial piston pump, swash plate pump, and bent axis pump.
(to link the article above use: #ALL)
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## E.P. Industries, CEM PUMP TECHNOLOGY http://www.epindustries.com/introcem.html
In the field of pump technology, it is not often that the adjectives "simple" and "state-of-the-art" can be applied to the same design. The need for higher pump efficiencies prompted Eddie Paul to explore the possibilities of a product that qualified on both counts. The CEM is the revolutionary pump, compressor, or engine that resulted from 16 years' research in the field of positive displacement technology. In 1993, the CEM received its first patent as an engine, pump, and compressor by the U.S. Patent Office. It has since been patented in the rest of the world and received its latest improvement patent in 2000.
The CEM's uniqueness lies in its simplicity of design. Its main design feature is compactness. We have managed to fit 12 cylinders into a unit that's smaller than many one-cylinder engines designed by other companies. Its weight is about one-sixth that of an equal-capacity unit and its cost of production is less than its competitors'. The CEM can produce either low or high pressure and can be run as a single unit or staged within itself to multiply either volume or pressure.
Another outstanding feature is that its output is 24 times that of most pumps or compressors of equal bore and stroke, and twice that of most engines. This is because the CEM is configured axially and features a mirror image arrangement of six dual-headed pistons. With a pumping event occurring simultaneously at either end of the rotating cylinder, each piston completes four cycles - two at each end - per cylinder revolution for a total of 24 pumping cycles per revolution.
And all of this is accomplished with only seven internal moving parts! With fewer parts there are fewer problems, less engineering, lower manufacturing costs, fewer parts to inventory, and greater reliability. The CEM is scalable and can be manufactured to meet any dimension or output requirement from a variety of materials to maintain compatibility with any fluid medium. The pump is self-priming and virtually maintenance free. The CEM's internal components can be machined from advanced thermoplastic-based resins with ultra-low friction characteristics.
Since its introduction, the diversity and number of applications for CEM technology has increased tremendously. Our CEM Company supplies laser-cooling pumps to major aerospace companies as well as products for other large corporations in the automotive, industrial, and environmental fields.
(to link the article above use: #BEP)
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## Water Pumps Patents, by Rexresearch.com, http://www.rexresearch.com/bellocq/bellocq.htm
# Toribio Bellocq: Wave Pump:
The Bellocq Wave Pump was the first new mechanical principle to be discovered in the 20th century (Wilkes' Rolamite was the second). It defies Toricelli's Law by utilizing pressure waves rather than suction to pull water higher than 30 feet (the pump is located at the surface, not at the bottom of the well). The technology is very efficient and requires little power. In practice, it is possible to expel during each stroke of the piston a volume of liquid about 17 times as large as the volume displaced by the piston (about 5,000 liters/hour in the preferrred embodiment described in the patent).
Plus: US Patents for very similar acoustic wave pumps invented later by Arthur P. Bentley & Albert G. Bodine.
# Popular Science, ca. 1930 "New Pump Beats Natural Laws in Raising Water"
Following the example of the United States Patent Office, 18 countries have issued patents to an Argentinian inventor upon an amazing pump that seems to violate natural laws. By creating waves in a pipeful of water, it makes the liquid run uphill. When the inventor, Toribio Bellocq, applied for a US patent on a pump to be mounted on top of a well and to draw water up from almost unlimited depths, officials pointed out that his device apparently would have to defy the law of gravitation. Every high school student knows that by no effort can a pump suck water higher than approximately 33 feet. This is the limit at which the weight of an imprisoned column of water balances the atmospheric pressure outside. To force water higher from its source, authorities have always agreed that it must be pushed from below. Therefore Bellocq's "wave pump" seemed in a class with perpetual motion machines, which are not patentable because they are impossible.
Bellocq built one of his pumps, installed it atop a Washington DC office building, and invited officials to inspect it. They saw it draw a steady stream of water up a pipe 80 feet high. Not until they dropped weights down the pipe and found no unseen machinery did they believe their own eyes. Then they acknowledged that Bellocq had chanced upon an entirely new mechanical principle and issued his patent. So extraordinary is the operation of the new wave pump that even Bellocq admits that he is not certain of its principle , and leaves to scientists the verification of his own explanation.
In Bellocq's pump a piston vibrates rapidly with an extremely short stroke. It deals hammerlike blows to a column of water in a pipe. His theory is that when the frequency of the blows is properly timed for the length of the pipe, a series of "stationary waves" is set up. Suppose the pipe's bottom to be closed, then layers are formed where the water is alternately rarefied and compressed without moving. Midway between these and at the bottom are regions where water rushes alternately up and down because of the waves.
When a one-way ball valve is added at the bottom, water enters from outside at one point in each wave cycle, to replace water moving upward from the bottom of the pipe. Once inside, it cannot back out. Every influx of water "inches" the whole column upward, without interfering with the waves that travel through it. A valve at the outlet, while not essential, improves the efficiency.
# US Patent # 1, 730,336 ; (Oct. 1, 1929) Apparatus for the Extraction of Liquids, Toribio Bellocq
 
My invention relates to moving or transporting liquids and especially to extracting or pumping liquids from deep wells or other sources of water in a new manner, its main purpose being directed towards a pumping scheme of very simple and economical construction by which the mechanism at the bottom of the well is reduced to a minimum and the extraction of fluid effected from the ground level substantially irrespective of the depth of the well, and thus when used for water it is not limited to the 25 or 30 foot limit of the usual suction pump for water, and similarly the limits for pumps for other liquids do not persist. In order that my invention may be clearly understood and easily carried into practice, a preferred embodiment thereof has been shown in the appended diagrammatic drawings wherein Figure 1 is a vertical section of a well and apparatus and Figure 2 is a diagram of the curve of the pressure wave to which reference will be made hereinafter.
In the embodiment shown the device consists of a pipe A through which the liquid is withdrawn. The pipe reaches to the bottom of the well, or to the liquid level therein, and is of a suitable length as will be explained. At the bottom of the pipe is a check or retention valve V. The upper end of the pipe A is connected at or about the ground level with a pump or compressor C preferably making rapid reciprocations with a short stroke. The compressor is a valveless pump and is provided with an outlet controlled by an adjustable cock or the like R, through which the pumped liquid may pass from the system. The cock may be opened at the beginning f the operation but may be adjusted to a desirable point during the operation.
Before starting the operation of the compressor care must be taken to completely fill the pipe A and the cylinder of the compressor with liquid, carefully excluding substantially all free air and being sure that the piston of the compressor is in the outermost position.
It is well known that energy may be conducted through a column of liquid by setting up a wave motion therein. The waves so set up are comparable to sound waves or waves of electric energy. In order to set up such waves it is necessary to cause alternate areas of high and low pressure in the medium and this may be effected by any suitable known means. I find it convenient to use for this purpose a reciprocating piston. The piston of the compressor C when rapidly reciprocating sets up waves in the liquid in the pipe A by alternately compressing the liquid in the pipe and releasing the pressure especially when the piston has a short stroke. These waves have a length L equal to v/n in which n is the number of strokes per second of the piston of the compressor C and v is the speed of the wave per second. When operating in water the speed of the wave may be substantially the speed of sound in water under the operating conditions.
As may be seen form the diagram in Figure 2 the wave form includes bulges B1, B2, B3, which are associated with corresponding nodes N1, N2, N3, When the closed end if the pipe is at a distance from the reciprocating piston equal to any number of half waves, that is at O1, O2, O3, or when the pipe is cut off at a distance equal to any odd number of quarter waves, that is at N1, N2, N3, a stationary wave may be set up in the pipe. For the purpose of the present invention it is preferred to arrange the valve V at the end of the pipe and adjust the apparatus in such a way that the valve will be at an odd quarter wave length such as N1, or N2, etc., but the purpose can be accomplished possibly less efficiently, by other adjustments.
The maximum variation of pressure accompanied by no variation in flow of the liquid occurs at the points O1, O2, O3, whereas at nodes N1, N2, N3, the variation in pressure is zero with the maximum variation in flow of the liquid. By the preferred arrangement of placing the valve V at the point N1 or N2, etc., the liquid may enter continuously. The valve V tends to remain always open but it may open and close from time to time during the operation. On the other hand the liquid will flow more or less intermittently from the cock R when it is adjusted to the proper opening. The required pressure in the apparatus may be regulated by choosing the appropriate diameter of pipe and by employing a piston of the proper cross-section, stroke and speed. If required or thought desirable or necessary there may be installed a liquid filled bottle or chamber to act as a capacity or condenser in the manner well known in connection with the transmission of energy by means of waves traveling in liquid.
I have found that one specific appropriate apparatus which will illustrate in a concrete way the present invention may consist of a fluid pipe having an internal diameter of one inch. Such a pipe placed in a well having water at a depth of 20 meters may have arranged at its lower end a valve opening 30 millimeters in diameter in which is a ball of approximately 38 millimeters in diameter and held I place by the usual cage which may be adjusted so that the ball can rise from its seat about 20 millimeters. On the surface of the earth the pipe may be led into the cylinder of a compressor of 50 millimeter diameter in which is a piston having a stroke of about 36 millimeters. The piston may be reciprocated at a speed of about 360 rpm by an electric motor. Leading out from the cylinder of the compressor may be a pipe of one-half inch diameter in which is placed an adjustable cock or valve. The cock will not be closed but is used merely for adjusting the outflow. The piston will be moved to its outermost position and the cylinder and pipe entirely filled with water, the cock being left open. On starting the electric motor the ball valve will lift from its seat and may remain open throughout the operation when the cock is properly adjusted, but it may vibrate from its seat, opening and closing during the operation. Water will begin to flow from the outlet and by an appropriate adjustment of the cock a continuous operation may be effected and an output of 1,000 liters per hour procured.
While the fundamental theory on which the operation is based may be somewhat in doubt, I believe that the rapid reciprocation of the piston working upon the water in the apparatus produces a series of periodic pressure variations with periodic changes of pressure and volume throughout the liquid column due to the elasticity and compressibility of the liquid. The energy waves so set up travel to the valve V at which point they may be reflected and the transmitted energy is sufficient to open the valve V and lift the column of liquid, at the same time drawing in liquid from the well itself. In some systems of energy transmission through liquid there is no substantial flow of the main body of liquid for carrying the energy. I have discovered, however, that apparently the transmission of energy may go through a flowing column of liquid and the transmitted energy may be relied upon to keep the liquid in more or less constant flow.
According to the present invention liquids may be extracted from substantially any depth without using any complicated machinery or mechanism in the well and simply by lowering a pipe of the required length and dimensions duly connected to a simple compressor, the latter being at or about the ground level. The valve at the lower end of the pipe will be subject to substantially no wear if the valve is substantially always in its open position during the operation of the compressor. On starting this valve is closed and great care must be taken when filling the pipe and cylinder with liquid to see that substantially no free air remains in the system.
The piston may work wither with the cylinder horizontal or with the cylinder vertical or inclined. The pipe through which the liquid flows may be either horizontal or vertical or inclined and it may be curved or straight. All of these arrangements may be referred to as pumps and I use the term pumping as including the moving, transporting or conveying in vertical or horizontal or inclined direction.
The term liquids is used to include not only simple liquids but also mixtures of liquids and such mixtures with gases or solids as are capable of being transported through pipes or pumped.
It is obvious that the device has been shown only as a preferred embodiment and that any other may serve for the same purpose. Apparatus for carrying out the invention may be constructed from mechanisms or devices already known and used for other purposes and the invention is not confined to any specific form of valves or compressors or means of operating them.
# US Patent # 1,730,337 ; (Oct. 1, 1929) Pump, Toribio Bellocq
My invention relates to a new type or scheme of moving or transporting liquids and especially to pumping permitting the elevation of liquids from substantially any depth without the necessity of situating the machinery at the bottom of the well and includes the employment not only of the energy produced by the waves set up by the rapid reciprocation of a piston but also the extra waves or impulses produced by the opening and closure of a valve in the system. Variations of pressure in the body of liquid in the pump may be employed to effect the pumping and it is more efficient and a larger output is produced if the variation is produced in a plurality of series.
Figure 1 of the accompanying drawing illustrates a vertical section through apparatus incorporating the invention. The apparatus for carrying out the invention consists of a pipe reaching to the bottom of the well or within the water therein and provided at its lower end with a check valve VI. At or about the ground level the pipe enters the cylinder of a pump or compressor provided with a piston. The cylinder has a single valve VS. In beginning the operation the piston is placed at its outermost position and the pipe and cylinder are completely filled with liquid, care being taken to exclude substantially all free air. The valve VI prevents the liquid running out of the pipe and the valve VS is closed.
The piston is then pushed forward by a suitable power and its reciprocation started. After the piston has moved a proper part of its stroke the valve VS is opened and liquid issues therefrom. The valve VI also opens and liquid enters the bottom of the pipe from the well and the continued operation of the device lifts liquid from the well bottom and delivers it through the valve VS which is closed at the proper part of each stroke of the piston at which time the outflow of liquid will be temporarily stopped.
I have described the physical operation of the apparatus, while the underlying theory of its operation and the theoretical application of the physical forces involved may not be entirely clear; there will now be set forth a full and clear statement of what is believed to be the explanation of the operation and how the physical forces interact with the apparatus to produce the desired effect.
The apparatus employed involves three parts, namely (1) the apparatus for producing the impulses or waves of force and for producing the opening and closing extra waves or impulses, (2) the transmission line or pipe, and (3) a valve in the lower end of the pipe which may produce in its turn opening and closing extra waves or impulses.
- (1) The first portion of the apparatus may consist of any approved design having a single valve VS diagrammatically illustrated in Figure 1. The piston of the compressor is rapidly reciprocated preferably through a short stroke so as to produce waves of energy in the liquid column. Initially the piston is moved to its outermost position and the pipe and compressor cylinder filled with liquid. When the movement ofteh piston has produced the desired pressure, which may be before or at the end of its stroke, the valve VS is suddenly opened.
The cooperation and relative timing of the piston and valve may be accomplished in any appropriate way but I prefer to have them mechanically interlocked so that the valve will open at the appropriate moment in the piston stroke. When this valve opens it suddenly, by the variation in pressure, transforms the piston wave into an opening extra impulse or wave in the liquid column. Advantage may be taken also of the extra wave caused by the closure of the valve but the closure extra waves are of lesser effect than the opening extra waves. Valve VS being closed when the piston enters the cylinder, a certain pressure is produced to set up a wave in the liquid column.
When the valve VS opens the opening sets up an extra or supplemental wave impulse which like the piston wave will travel through the whole length of the pipe to the lower valve VI. This extra or auxiliary wave or impulse may be similar also to that produced in water rams. The water ram, however, takes advantage of the closing extra wave rather than the extra wave produced by opening. In my system this extra wave when working with the valve VS open to the air is probably one of much volume and slight pressure. This wave and extra wave cause the liquid to proceed from the well by valve VI and carry it through the pipe and drive it through valve VS, which is open. It is necessary to calculate the necessary pressure and velocity of the wave for the length and diameter of the pipe employed as a guide in altering or adjusting, in each case, the diameter, stroke, and frequency of the piston.
As is well known in systems transmitting energy by wave through columns or pipes of liquid the pressure produced in a tube or pipe of a given diameter may be varied or controlled by providing in communication with the pipe a further container filled with the same liquid which is being pumped to act as a capacity or condenser. In order to set up such waves it is necessary to cause alternate areas of high and low pressure in the medium and this may be effected by any suitable known means. I find it convenient to use for this purpose a reciprocating piston and valve as indicated.
- (2) The second portion of the apparatus consists merely of a suitable pipe which brings up the liquid and, through the flowing stream, transmits the energy or waves from the piston and the upper valve VS to the lower valve VI, it being necessary to calculate the section of the pipe in accordance with the pressure and volume of the liquid to be obtained or extracted from the well. Since energy-bearing wave-currents in liquid have a certain velocity, the frequency of the piston must be calculated in order that the wave produced should conform with the length of the pipe, it being possible to work likewise with the harmonics of the wave and also to work when the pipe length corresponds with odd or even fourths of such wave length. This is preferred but the purpose can be accomplished, possibly with less efficiency, with other adjustments.
- (3) The third portion of the apparatus consists of the lower valve VI, which may serve three purposes: (a) it serves as a non-return valve so as to permit the pipe being filled up before starting, (b) it causes the liquid to move in one direction only avoiding the return thereof into the well, and (c) it may be that it also serves as a wave or impulse transformer like that of upper valve VS, producing by its movement an extra wave or impulse. Thus the pipe will draw in a great quantity of liquid under low pressure being the inverse of the piston which produces a wave of high pressure and little volume. At first sight it might seem that if the piston is caused to enter the cylinder when the valve VS is closed the apparatus would burst. This is not the case, however, since the capacity for compression and the elasticity of the liquid being pumped, when known, serve to allow the stroke of the piston and the pressure obtained to be calculated and the apparatus operated in such a way as not to exceed the limit of resistance of the apparatus before opening the valve. It will be remembered that the impulses and extra impulses of energy in the wave form are possible solely because the liquids worked upon are compressible and elastic, which permits of their working in a resilient manner.
The operation of the apparatus is as follows. The piston is withdrawn from the cylinder to the maximum extent possible and the cylinder and pipe are filled up, taking care that substantially no free air be left inside. The valve VS is closed and the piston is pushed inwardly, vigorously causing a compression of the fluid and initiating an energy-carrying wave which will travel through the whole length of the pipe.
The waves produced by the piston and by the valve VS both carry energy to the valve VI which will be opened. The system is more economical and more efficient than one which employs for the pumping and lifting of the liquid only the energy transmitted by the waves set up by the piston action. If the opening of the valve VI is abrupt, it may transform the extra wave into a wave of small pressure but great volume. Since the valve VI does not permit the liquid to flow downwards an upward flow will occur, that is to say, the energy transmitted by the two waves will not only open the valve VI but will lift the liquid in the pipe and will draw from the liquid in the well past valve VI and upwards through the pipe from which it will discharge through the open valve VS. Operation may then become substantially continuous, the piston being rapidly reciprocated and the valve VS operated in harmony therewith, always being closed at the proper part of the piston stroke. It might be best to arrange the shaft moving the piston so that it would also serve to govern valve VS. Thus the work might be done in a completely automatic manner. Thus a cam C may be mounted on the drive shaft and engage mechanism D to operate the valve VS at the proper predetermined point in the stroke of the piston. Any other suitable means for associating the operation of the piston and the valve may be employed. The time of opening and closing the valve VS and its size may be adjusted to give the maximum output of liquid with the minimum expense of energy to operate the piston. The apparatus expels during each stroke of the piston a volume of liquid several times great than the volume displaced by the piston. In practice it is possible to expel during each stroke of the piston a volume of liquid about 17 times as large as the volume displaced by the piston, and for this reason the stroke of the piston may be very short, or the volume displaced at each stroke of the piston may be small. I have found that one specific appropriate apparatus which will illustrate in a concrete way the present invention may consist of a fluid pipe having an internal diameter of one inch. Such a pipe placed in a well having water at a depth of 20 meters may have arranged at its lower end a valve opening 30 millimeters in diameter seated in which is a ball of approximately 38 millimeters in diameter, held in place by the usual cage which may be adjusted to that the ball can rise from its seat about 20 millimeters. On the surface of the earth the pipe may be led into the cylinder of a compressor of 50 millimeters diameter in which is a piston having a stroke of about 30 millimeters. The piston may be reciprocated at a speed of about 180 rpm by a suitable electric motor. In the cylinder of the compressor may be a valve having a diameter of about 30 millimeters and adjusted so as to have a stroke of from 5 to 7 millimeters. The piston will be moved to its outermost position and the cylinder and pipe entirely filled with water. The ball valve rests by gravity in its closed position and the valve in the cylinder is closed. The electric motor will be started and at the proper time in the stroke of the piston the valve in the cylinder will be opened. The ball valve will open and water will begin to flow from the piston valve with an output of about 4,000 or 5,000 liters per hour. While the fundamental theory on which the operation is based may be somewhat in doubt, I have endeavored to set out herein what I believe to be the true principle, but my invention is not so limited. In order to set up such waves as are here involved it is necessary to produce variations in a compression in the liquid and although a compressor is illustrated for such purpose, it will be understood that the invention is not so limited but extends to any suitable or known means for producing such effect. This system permits of working at any desired depth without being compelled to arrange the machinery within the well, provide the necessary pressure has been well calculated.
It is possible that advantageously, the work is done under a considerable pressure in order to use, same as in electricity, the transmission of high voltages over long distances with favorable output. This system also permits of working with a piston of reduced dimensions as, taking advantage of the transforming effect of the wave or impulse, a piston of a given displacement, under a given pressure, would be able to elevate at each stroke a liquid volume several times greater than the same displacement but under a pressure several times lower. This system would seem contrary to the laws of gravity, which does not permit of liquid being elevated or drawn up from a depth greater than the length of a column of the same liquid counter-balancing the atmospheric pressure; however, in fact there is employed a force which travels throughout the pipe and arrives at the lower valve VI. This force operates at this valve in the same manner as if there were a piston at this point. The present system would also seem to be contrary to the law which does not permit a piston of a given displacement to obtain at each stroke a volume of liquid greater than such displacement; but it will be apparent that a piston of a given displacement, under a given pressure, may obtain at each stroke a liquid volume several times greater than the volume of displacement of such piston, but under a pressure several times less. The piston may work either with the cylinder horizontal or with the cylinder vertical or inclined. The pipe through which the liquid flows may be either horizontal or vertical or inclined, and it may be cured or straight. All of these arrangements may be referred to as pumps and I use the term pumping as including moving, transporting or conveying in vertical or horizontal or inclined direction. The terms liquids is used to include not only simple liquids but also mixtures of liquids and such mixtures of liquids with gases or solids as are capable of being transported through pipes or pumped. It is obvious that the device has been shown only as a preferred embodiment and that any other may be used for the same purpose. Apparatus for carrying out the invention may be constructed from mechanism or devices already known and used for other purposes, and the invention is not confined to any specific form of valves or compressors or means of operating them.
# USP 1,941,593 (Jan. 2, 1934), Pumping, Toribio Bellocq : See Rexresearch's page for details and schems.
# Albert G. Bodine, Jr.: Acoustic Pumps, US Patent # 2,444,912 (July 13,1948), Method & Apparatus for Pumping, Albert G. Bodine
# US Patent # 2,553,541 (May 22, 1951), Deep Well Pump, Albert G. Bodine
# US Patent # 2,553,542 (May 22, 1951), Deep Well Pump Apparatus, Albert G. Bodine
# US Patent # 2,553,543 (May 22, 1951), Pumping Apparatus, Albert G. Bodine
# US Patent # 2,572,977 (Oct. 30, 1951), Deep Well Pump, Albert G. Bodine
# US Patent # 2,702,559 (Feb. 22, 1955), Sonically Actuated Valve, Albert G. Bodine
# US Patent # 2,953,095 (Sep. 20, 1960), Acoustic Deep Well Pump with Free Compression Column, Albert G. Bodine
# US Patent # 3,163,240 (Dec. 29, 1964), Sonic Earth Boring Drill, Albert G. Bodine
## Arthur P. Bentley: Sonic Pressure Wave Pumps, Calgary Herald (Tues., Oct. 10, 1989)
"Special Pump Pushes More Than Profits", by Richard Bruner (Christian Science Monitor)
Tucson, AZ ~ Juan Pasco is a retired United nations development specialist who not only has found a solution to water problems of the world's poor rural areas, but has helped put together a Tucson corporation to make a lot of money in the process. Pascoe's black eyes blaze with excitement when he talks about a new pump that will push water out of the ground at the rate of two gallons a minute, using a one-fifth horsepower that derives its energy from four solar panels.
"It's a Godsend", he says. Pascoe is the president of a Tucson company that will manufacture and market the new pump. The pump is the invention of a senior genius who lives in Crossroads. Arthur Perry Bentley is the grandson of the man who created the car bearing his name. Bentley's pump uses a motor that would barely drive a sewing machine. But its work is very limited. All it needs to do is send sonic waves down the well pipe to a valved pumping unit at the well's bottom.
The unit picks up the waves and drives its piston up and down. This gushes a whole column of water up the pipe. None of this takes much energy, Pascoe points out. Only enough to make some noise down a pipe. Bentley has also invented a second type of pump, one that slides an electric charge down a black well pipe. The entire pipe becomes like a capacitor of a discharge system of an electronic ignition. It employs its valve system to push the column of water or oil to the surface. Pascoe discovered Bentley in the mountains near Ruidoso, NM, where he was living a quiet existence, despite the 34 patents in his name.
With Allyn Spence, an anthropologist with the Office of Arid Land Studies at the University of Arizona, Pascoe put together a company called Appropriate Technology Development Inc. No long after forming the company, Pascoe and Spence took a prototype pump to the Navajo reservation. "We put it in an abandoned well, connected it to four solar panels, and it started to bring up water", says Pascoe. "The Navajo came around. The women especially were enchanted. They said, 'The sun is bringing out the water from the ground? Impossible." For Pascoe, the experience on the Navajo reservation was confirmation of his hope that the pump might have worldwide uses. "Knowing what I know about the needs of the developing world rural people without water or with very little water, I know one of the reasons they cannot use traditional pumping gear is because they don't have electricity or it is too expensive.
Now here is a pump that the deeper you go the more efficient it is. You can go 4,000 feet and bring water up with a little motor that draws practically no electricity." The Bentley pumps are also much less expensive to purchase and maintain than other water-pumping technologies. The smaller pumps will replace $20,000 windmills on the Navajo reservation at an initial per pump cost of $7,000. The impact of such savings could be profound.
The USDA has concluded that the biggest expense for farmers who experienced serious drought in the last two years is the cost of pumping water. That cost has driven more farmers into bankruptcy than any other single factor. Appropriate Technology Development Inc. will work with China to have a joint-venture manufacturing operation in Shanghai. And it also will start making pumps in Tucson sometime soon.
# US Patent # 4,295,799 (Oct. 20, 1981), Sonic Pressure Wave Surface-Operated Pump, Arthur P. Bentley
# Abstract: A single tube surface operated pump including a piston reciprocally mounted in a cylinder for alternately opening and closing a lateral fluid delivery port and for generating a sonic pressure wave by impacting a column of fluid in a metallic tube extending from the cylinder to a remote pumping mechanism located in communication with the fluid to be pumped. The piston is especially configured with a central recess in the face thereof so that the sonic pressure waves generated thereby will pass through a sonic nozzle and move downwardly toward the pumping mechanism in a spiral-like motion against the inner wall of the metallic tube and enter into a sonic intensifier chamber and are reflected off the pumping mechanism into a central column which travels back toward the cylinder and causes the fluid to be pumped to move in that same direction.
Inventor: Bentley; Arthur P. (P.O. Box 1952, Roswell, NM 88201)
# References Cited: U.S. Patent Documents --- # 2355618 Aug., 1944 Bodine, Jr. 417/240. ~ # 2379539 Jul., 1945 Mercier 417/240. ~ # 2572977 Oct., 1951 Bodine, Jr. 417/241. ~ # 2751848 Jun., 1956 Smith 417/240. ~ # 3277831 Oct., 1966 Chenoweth 417/240. ~ # 3804557 Apr., 1974 Bentley 417/402.
Foreign Patent Documents: # 1041371 Oct., 1978 CA 417/383. # 123282 Sep., 1901 DE2 417/240.
# 2. Description of the Prior Art: It is well known to provide a pumping mechanism at an underground level to pump liquid from that level to the surface, with such a down hole pump being operated by a surface located mechanism which reciprocally impacts a column of liquid contained within a tube that communicates between the surface located mechanism and the down hole pump. The surface located mechanism, in addition to impacting the column of liquid, is reciprocally operated to alternately open and close a liquid delivery port. The impaction of the standing column of liquid produces hydraulic pressure waves that are transmitted by the liquid to the down hold pump to impart a reciprocal movement thereto. The down hole pump includes a plunger, or similar mechanism, which is biased upwardly by suitable springs, and has a central passage formed axially therethrough with a one-way check valve located in the lowermost end of the passage. When the hydraulic pressure waves move the plunger down against the spring bias, the check valve opens to admit the liquid being pumped into the passage, and the subsequent upstroke of the plunger closes the check valve and causes a general upward movement of the standing column of liquid with the uppermost portion thereof exiting through the fluid delivery port formed in the surface located mechanism.
Examples of the above described pumping mechanisms, and others which operate on that same basic principle, are fully disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,379,539, 2,355,618, 2,572,977, 2,751,848, and 3,277,831.
These prior art pumps critically depend upon ideal adjustment of the input frequency relative to the length of the tube in which the standing column of liquid is contained, that is, resonant timing. Further, such prior art pumps are seriously limited in their pumping capacities due to such factors as inertia of the liquid, and the like.
# Summary of the Invention: In accordance with the present invention, a sonic pressure wave surface operated signal tube pump is disclosed as including a surface located sonic pressure wave generator from which a metallic tube depends so as to communicate with an underground, or down hole pumping mechanism that is located at the level of the liquid to be pumped.
The sonic pressure wave generator includes a vertically disposed cylinder having a lateral liquid delivery port formed therein which is coupled to a remotely located liquid receiving reservoir. A piston of special configuration is mounted in the cylinder and is reciprocally operated therein by suitable drive means, with that reciprocal movement alternately opening and closing the liquid delivery port. Additionally, the reciprocal movement of the piston will cause it to impact a standing column of liquid disposed in the metallic tube to produce sonic pressure waves of special character. The liquid impacting face of the piston is formed with a centrally located truncated conical recess or cavity which extends upwardly into the piston with the upper end of that recess communicating with a blind cylindrical bore formed axially in the piston. Thus, the lower surface or liquid impacting face of the piston is of ring-like configuration.
Impacting of the standing column of liquid contained within the metallic tube by a piston configured as described above produces sonic pressure waves which pass through a sonic nozzle and move downwardly along the inner walls of the metallic tube in a spiral-like motion.
The underground, or down hole pumping mechanism which is coupled to the lowermost end of the metallic tube is of generally cylindrical configuration having an axial bore formed therein. The uppermost end of the axial bore is especially configured to form a sonic intensifier chamber which receives the downwardly spiraling sonic pressure waves and causes an increase in the velocity thereof. A plunger is reciprocally mounted in the axial bore of the housing with that plunger having an axial passage formed therethrough with a one-way check valve located at the lowermost end of that passage. The plunger is biased upwardly by a compression spring which counterbalances the weight of the standing column of liquid. The downwardly spiraling sonic pressure waves, which are increased in velocity in the intensifier chamber, impinge upon the head of the plunger about its periphery thus forcing the plunger down which opens the check valve and admits the liquid being pumped to the axial passage formed through the plunger. The impinging sonic pressure waves are reflected by the head of the plunger inwardly and upwardly into a column centrally of the metallic tube. This upwardly moving central column will carry the liquid being pumped with it.
The pump of the present invention configured as described above, produces high pump output pressure and velocity, as compared with prior art pumps such as those hereinbefore described, with that output pressure and velocity being considerably higher than could be reasonably expected from a pump which operates upon hydraulic pressures alone. Exactly what takes place in the pump of the present invention is not clearly understood. It is known that the special configuration of the piston and the sonic nozzle located in the sonic generator produces the sonic pressure waves of a special character and those waves, in conjunction with the sonic intensifier chamber in the down hole pumping mechanism, are responsible for the pump's performance. Exhaustive tests and experiments show that the generated sonic pressure waves move along the inner walls of the metallic tube in a spiral or threadlike motion and those downwardly spiraling waves do not appear to exert any downwardly applied pressure or other force on the liquid in the center of the tube. The downwardly spiraling pressure waves increase in velocity upon entering the sonic intensifier chamber and are reflected inwardly and upwardly as hereinbefore described. The upwardly moving central column of liquid is believed to be augmented with regard to pressure and velocity, by counteraction with the downwardly spiraling waves acting like a worm gear or lead screw to force the central column countercurrent to the generated pressure waves.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a new and useful pump. Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and useful sonic pressure wave surface operated single tube pump.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and useful sonic pressure wave surface operated single tube pump having high pump output pressure and velocity as compared to known pumps.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and useful pump of the above described type which includes an aboveground sonic pressure wave generator which is coupled by a metallic tube to an underground pumping mechanism located at the level of the liquid to be pumped.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and useful pump of the above described type in which the aboveground sonic pressure wave generator includes a reciprocally operable piston which upon impacting a standing column of liquid contained within the metallic tube will generate sonic pressure waves which pass through a sonic nozzle and move downwardly along the inner walls of the tube in a spiral motion.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and useful pump of the above described character in which the piston operable in the sonic pressure wave generator has a truncated conical recess formed centrally in its liquid impacting face with that recess opening into a blind cylindrical bore formed axially in the piston.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and useful pump of the above described character in which the underground pumping mechanism is provided with a sonic intensifier chamber for receiving the sonic pressure waves from the metallic tube and increasing the velocity thereof.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a new and useful pump of the above described character in which the underground pumping mechanism includes a plunger which is reciprocally operated by the sonic pressure waves to accomplish a pumping action, with the pressure waves impinging on the plunger and being reflected inwardly and upwardly therefrom to provide an upwardly moving central column of liquid in the metallic tube, with that central column of liquid carrying the liquid being pumped with it to the surface.
The foregoing objects of the present invention, as well as the invention itself, may be more fully understood from the following description when read in conjunction with the accompany drawings.
# US Patent # 4,341,505 (July 17,1982), Sonic Pressure Wave Pump for Low Production Wells, Arthur P. Bentley
# US Patent # 4,381,177 (April 26, 1983), Sonic Pressure Wave Surface-Operated Pump, Arthur P. Bentley
# US Patent # 4,398,870 (August 16, 1983), Sonic Pressure Wave Surface-Operated Pump, &c..., Arthur P. Bentley
# US Patent # 4,460,320 (July 17, 1984), Sonic Pressure Wave Surface-Operated Pump, &c... , Arthur P. Bentley
# US Patent # 4,449,892, Pump with Rotary Sonic Wave Generator, Arthur P. Bentley
(to link the article above use: #PATPUMP)
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## The TESLA TURBINE as SUPER PUMP, easy and cheap to build, small but powerfull:
# from Quanthomme.org, frenchies made a Tesla Pump, very powerfull (I forgot the adress and lost the pictures)
# Tesla Pump, by GIFNET http://gifnet.ch/test/tesla.htm
 
Researches and Developement of an enhanced Tesla turbine fully based on Nikolas Tesla technologies. Some prototypes have been already successfully tested and have demonstrated a high efficiency power at its output.A such technology can be used for energy production from water flow.
# Nikola Tesla: Disc Turbine/Pump, by Rexresearch.com. Page 1 http://rexresearch.com/teslatur/teslatur.htm
Page 2 http://www.rexresearch.com/teslatur/turbine2.htm
Page 3 http://www.rexresearch.com/teslatur/turbine3.htm
"In doing this I have made use of two properties which have always been known to be possessed by all fluids, but which have not heretofore been utilized. These properties are adhesion and viscosity. "Put a drop of water on a metal plate. The drop will roll off, but a certain amount of the water will remain on the plate until it evaporates or is removed by some absorptive means. The metal does not absorb any of the water, but the water adheres to it. "The drop of water may change its shape, but until its particles are separated by some external power it remains intact. This tendency of all fluids to resist molecular separation is viscosity. It is especially noticeable in the heavier oils.
"It is these properties of adhesion and viscosity that cause the 'skin friction' that impedes a ship in its progress through the water or an aeroplane in going through the air. All fluids have these qualities -- and you must keep in mind that air is a fluid, all gases are fluids, steam is fluid. Every known means of transmitting or developing mechanical power is through a fluid medium. "Now, suppose we make this metal plate that I have spoken of circular in shape and mount it at its centre on a shaft so that it can be revolved. Apply power to rotate the shaft and what happens? Why, whatever fluid the disk happens to be revolving in is agitated and dragged along in the direction of rotation, because the fluid tends to adhere to the disk and the viscosity causes the motion given to the adhering particles of the fluid to be transmitted to the whole mass.
Here, I can show you better than tell you." Dr. Tesla led the way into an adjoining room. On a desk was a small electric motor and mounted on the shaft were half a dozen flat disks, separated by perhaps a sixteenth of an inch from one another, each disk being less than that in thickness. He turned a switch and the motor began to buzz. A wave of cool air was immediately felt. "There we have a disk, or rather a series of disks, revolving in a fluid -- the air", said the inventor. "You need no proof to tell you that the air is being agitated and propelled violently. If you will hold your hand over the centre of these disks -- you see the centres have been cut away -- you will feel the suction as air is drawn in to be expelled from the peripheries of the disks. "Now, suppose these revolving disks were enclosed in an air tight case, so constructed that the air could enter only at one point and be expelled only at another -- what would we have? "You'd have an air pump", I suggested. "Exactly -- an air pump or blower", said Dr. Tesla. "There is one now in operation delivering ten thousand cubic feet of air a minute. Now, come over here.
" He stepped across the hall and into another room, where three or four draughtsmen were at work and various mechanical and electrical contrivances were scattered about. At one side of the room was what appeared to be a zinc or aluminum tank, divided into two sections, one above the other, while a pipe that ran along the wall above the upper division of the tank was connected with a little aluminum case about the size and shape of a small alarm clock. A tiny electric motor was attached to a shaft that protruded from one side of the aluminum case. The lower division of the tank was filled with water. "Inside of this aluminum case are several disks mounted on a shaft and immersed in a fluid, water", said Dr. Tesla. "From this lower tank the water has free access to the case enclosing the disks. This pipe leads from the periphery of the case. I turn the current on, the motor turns the disks and as I open this valve in the pipe the water flows." He turned the valve and the water certainly did flow. Instantly a stream that would have filled a barrel in a very few minutes began to run out of the pipe into the upper part of the tank and thence into the lower tank. "This is only a toy", said Dr. Tesla. "There are only half a dozen disks -- 'runners', I call them -- each less than three inches in diameter, inside of that case. They are just like the disks you saw on the first motor -- no vanes, blades or attachments of any kind. Just perfectly smooth, flat disks revolving in their own planes and pumping water because of the viscosity and adhesion of the fluid. One such pump now in operation, with eight disks, eighteen inches in diameter, pumps four thousand gallons a minute to a height of 360 feet."
- US Patent # 1,061,142, "Fluid Propulsion", Nikola Tesla
Figure 2 a vertical cross section of a pump or compressor, which Figures 3 and 4 represent, respectively, in corresponding views, a rotary engine or turbine, both machines being constructed and adapted to be operated in accordance with my invention.
- US Patent # 1,061,206, (6 May 1913), "Turbine", Nikola Tesla:
It is well known that a fluid possesses, among others, two salient properties, adhesion and viscosity. Owing to these a solid body propelled through such a medium encounters a peculiar impediment known as "lateral" or skin resistance, which is twofold, one arising from the shock of the fluid against the asperities of the solid substance, the other from internal forces opposing molecular separation. As an inevitable consequence a certain amount of the fluid is dragged along by the moving body. Conversely, if the body be placed in a fluid in motion, for the same reasons, it is impelled in the direction of movement. These effects, in themselves, are of daily observation, but I believe that I am the first to apply them in a practical and economical manner in the propulsion of fluids or in their use as motive agents.
The apparatus comprises a runner composed of a plurality of flat rigid disks 13 of suitable diameter, keyed to a shaft 16, and held in position thereon by a threaded nut 11, a shoulder 12, and intermediate washers 17. The disks have openings 14, adjacent to the shaft and spokes 15, which may be substantially straight. For the sake of clearness, but a few disks, with comparatively wide intervening spaces, are illustrated.
- Other Links
http://www.execpc.com/~teba (Tesla Engine Builders Association)
http://www.dnai.com/~zap/turbine.txt (Boundary Layer Breakthrough by Jeffrey Hayes)
http://www.frank.germano.com/tesla_turbine.htm (Frank Germano's work)
http://www.lindsaybks.com/bks5/tturb/index.html (W. Cairns: The Tesla Disc Turbine; Lindsay Publications)
http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/turbomac.htm ,/a> (21st Century Books ~ Tesla Turbomachinery)
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/TheTeslaTurbineList/ (Yahoo Discussion Group)
http://www.sredmond.com/disk_turbine.htm (S. Redmond's Tesla Turbine)
V (Alan Swithenbank's Tesla Turbine)
# Tesla Wardenclyffe Project Archives, http://www.teslascience.org/archive/descriptions/picture29.htm
Model of a pump used by Tesla to demonstrate his invention of a new mechanical principle for the transfer of energy between the working circuit and fluids. The pump, with a working circuit diameter of 3 inches, was driven by an electric motor of 1/12 horsepower and could lift 40 gallons of water (per minute) to a height of 9 feet.
# Boundary layer, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_layer_effect
Aerodynamics - Boundary layer equations - Boundary layer turbine : This effect was exploited in the Tesla turbine, patented by Nikola Tesla http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla in 1913. It is referred to as a bladeless turbine because it uses the boundary layer effect and not a fluid impinging upon the blades as in a conventional turbine. Boundary layer turbines are also known as cohesion-type turbines, bladeless turbine, and Prandtl layer turbine (after Ludwig Prandtl).
# The TurboFlux™ PGS Disc Turbine http://www.centripetal-dynamics.com/projects_ert.htm
Patent: USSN: 60/415,239 Improved Method of and Apparatus for a Multi-Stage Boundary Layer Engine and Process Cell.
# Tesla Turbine -- Bladeless Boundary Disc, by Freeenergynews.com http://freeenergynews.com/Directory/Devices/TeslaTurbine/index.html
Rather than using blades and friction, the Tesla Turbine uses parallel, closely spaced disks that tap viscosity. Aerodynamic skin adhesion effect resists fluid or gas flow between plates, resulting in energy transfer to the shaft. Technology works but is yet to break into marketplace.
# TEBA, Tesla Engine Builders Association http://my.execpc.com/~teba/main.html
# Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, 4.5" Experimenter's Tesla Turbine , http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/turbine45.htm
# Building a Tesla Disk Turbine, by Stephen Redmond http://www.sredmond.com/disk_turbine.htm
# TESLA TURBOMACHINERY, ONLINE RESOURCE GUIDE AND GALLERY http://www.geocities.com/vair65_2000/tesla
# Building a Tesla Turbine from hard drive platters http://staff.washington.edu/sbtroy/turbine/turbine.html
# Bladeless Turbine: http://davidszondy.com/future/tesla/turbine.htm
# Suppose some one should discover a new mechanical principle, by Uncle Taz http://www.uncletaz.com/library/scimath/tesla/teslaturb.html
# Air Powered Tesla Turbine, http://www.obilaser.com/AirPoweredTeslaTurbine.html
# Building a Tesla Turbine, by Vince Gingery http://www.lindsaybks.com/dgjp/djgbk/ttur/index.html
# The Tesla Boundary Layer Turbine, step by step to build miny turbine , http://csl.stanford.edu/~hydrobay/lookat/tt.html
# SAIPANTRIBUNE.COM, 2005, THE COOL SCIENTIST ; Tesla's turbine http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=9&newsID=47147
(to link the article above use: #TESTURB)
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## Spiral water wheel delivers dreamy supply, by John Hermans, Clifton Creek, Victoria. http://www.earthgarden.com.au/waterwheel.html
Low-impact lifestyler extraordinaire, John Hermans, devised and built a water wheel for Earth Garden’s writer and forest campaigner, Jill Redwood. Jill can now refill her water tank from the Brodribb River near her farmhouse in Victoria’s East Gippsland. Her water wheel is silent, pumps about a litre a minute, goes 24 hours a day, has only one small moving part, and works on an ancient principle. Here John describes how to build one.
AS I have no political lobbying or media skills my way of helping the environment campaign is to help those committed to saving forests. My skills lie in the areas of inventing and building. Jill had a 5 hp fire fighting pump she used to refill her concrete water tank every fortnight or so. I first devised an alternative pump using a set of water wheels, which, via chains and cogs that gave a 4:1 step up, drove a small piston pump.
The petrol pump was temperamental and noisy. This improved model was temperamental and oily. It did work quite well but was prone to occasional mechanical failure and there was the possibility of it leaking oil into the pristine Brodribb River. So I got to work on an idea I had seen illustrated as a kids’ toy. As Jill lives on the upper reaches of the Brodribb River, the small flow in the river was not enough to operate a hydraulic ram pump. The spiral water wheel has the advantage of being environmentally friendly, almost maintenance free, made of basic cheap materials and is relatively easy to make for anyone with a welder.
This positive displacement pump is made from a single length of coiled poly pipe and is designed to be powered by water. The pipe is coiled in a vertical plane and mounted on a horizontal axle. As the paddles rotate the coil of poly pipe above the water, the lower part is immersed. The open end of the coil takes a small ‘gulp’ of water every time it rotates. An alternating sequence of air and water is driven along the pipe towards the centre of the spiral. Successive coils of pipe lead to a cumulative increase in the pump’s pressure output. When a land-fixed pipe is connected to the last and smallest coil, then water can be shifted to a higher point, such as a dam or a tank. In this case, Jill’s tank is about 16 metres above the river.
Paddles and coils
The set of undershot paddle wheels (powered from water flowing below, not from water dropping onto the wheels from above) drives the whole show. This is one of the oldest and simplest forms of motor, driving one of the oldest and simplest forms of pump. The whole unit consists of only one small rotating part called a rotating joiner, or in plumber terms, a spinning nipple.
When assembling the coils on the spokes of the frame, I had no idea how many coils and at what diameter was needed to pump the water to the 16 metre head. The water wheel ended up about two metres in diameter. As the water wheel and the spiral both needed to dip into the water, the coil has to be the same diameter as the paddles.
Three quarter inch (19 mm) poly pipe can be coiled down to about 500 mm in diameter before it starts to kink. If the coils are kept close together, around 40 coils can be made. I decided to make two lots of coils consisting of 20 coils each, so there were two openings to take a ‘gulp’. In theory this should have pumped twice the volume of water as a single coil rotating at the same speed. However, this proved to be too heavy for the flow of the stream to move, so I had to remove one coil of pipe. As Jill’s place is three hours drive away, there was much guesswork involved in my workshop and redesigning on site.
The final coil design saw 50 metres of three quarter inch (19 mm) poly pipe coiled into 20 loops from 2 metres to half a metre diameter. The pumping rate at this site is about one litre a minute but varies from season to season.
Figuring it out
My theory then is that to successfully pump water, the coiled pipe needs to be about three times as long as the height it is being pumped to. That’s a 3:1 ratio. I assumed that the size of the pipe is less important than the total length. Larger loops are more effective at forcing water up than small loops but consume more length. Fewer larger loops may be just as effective as many smaller loops.
The water exiting the smallest coil in the centre is piped into the hollow shaft of the water wheel’s axle. The end of this then joins a stationary water pipe near the bank, in this case connected to a boom arm (described below). To join the rotating shaft to the fixed poly pipe, a joiner is needed that can spin constantly. Unless the connection is perfectly in line, these watertight rotating joiners can wear out quickly.
To avoid flood damage to this water wheel pump, I mounted the axle and bearings onto a three metre boom of 100 mm RHS that pivots at the end anchored to the bank. Along this boom, a height adjustable support is set into the bank. A steel cable is attached to the water wheel that is operated by a winch fixed even higher up the bank (see illustration). Not only does this allow it to be cranked out of the water if a flood is imminent and hoisted safely above flood height, but it also allows the water wheel to be lowered or raised to match the high and low flows of the river.
The spiral water wheel replaced a noisy and temperamental petrol pump.
Construction pointers
Here are a few more pointers to help with constructing the coil section. To attach the poly pipe to the angle iron spokes, use 1 mm stainless steel wire (you can order it from engineering suppliers). The end of the three quarter inch poly pipe that scoops up the water should be increased in diameter for the last loop. I used one inch (25 mm) for half a loop and then one and a quarter inch (32 mm) poly pipe for the last half a loop. This allows for greater volume to be scooped up each rotation.
As both water and air are pumped up the delivery line together, it is best to send the pumped water directly to the storage tank or dam. If the inlet and outlet line to the tank are the same, a special air bleed line close to the pump will be needed, as Jill discovered when trying to use the taps on the same line or have a shower!
A one-way valve will also need to be set in the line to stop water draining back out when the wheel is not pumping. A filter isn’t a bad idea either. You can also fix a fly wire guard to the inlet end of the coil that also reduces debris from entering the system.
One modification that had to be made over the last couple of years has been a more robust and reinforced hollow shaft. The constant flexing and movement of the water wheel, especially with faster flows, stresses metal and any weak spots are soon discovered. The water wheel was sited on a slight bend in the river where it was narrow and the water had a higher velocity.
Variables that allow this design to pump effectively are:
- river flow
- size of paddles
- number of paddles
- diameter of the wheel
- diameter and number of the coils
- submergence of the coils
- inlet pipe diameter
- height of storage tank/dam.
This spiral pump was a direct replacement of a small standard piston pump and has proved to be just as efficient at pumping a set volume per day.
Overall, it’s a beautiful piece of alternative technology. And Jill says it also doubles as relaxation therapy: after a torrid session dealing with planet wreckers, sitting by the river watching it quietly turn puts some equilibrium back into the soul.
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